Relationship between ferroptosis and oxidative stress and its research progress in locomotor diseases / 医学研究生学报

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of cell death characterized by accumulation of intracellular lipid reactive oxygen species. It exists in many fields such as nervous system, tumor, acute kidney injury, ischemia reperfusion injury. Oxidative stress (OS) is resulted from by excessive accumulation of ROS produced by an organism undergoing aerobic metabolism. Both of these eventually lead to excessive ROS accumulation, which leads to cell damage and death. This paper first summarized the relationship between ferroptosis and oxidative stress, and then described the current achievement of research on ferroptosis in locomotor diseases, trying to provide a theoretical support to find ferroptosis in more diseases through taking the oxidative stress as a bridge.

Comparison of Apixaban and Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Preventing Deep Venous Thrombosis after Total Knee Arthroplasty in Older Adults

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of apixaban and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in the prevention and treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after total knee arthroplasty in older adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 220 patients (average age of 67.8±6.4 years) undergoing total knee arthroplasty were randomly selected as research subjects and were divided into apixaban and LMWH groups (110 in each group). RESULTS: The incidence of DVT was lower in the apixaban group than in the LMWH group (5.5% vs. 20.0%, p=0.001). Activated partial thromboplastin times (35.2±3.6 sec vs. 33.7±2.2 sec, p=0.010; 37.8±4.6 sec vs. 34.1±3.2 sec, p<0.001; 39.6±5.1 sec vs. 35.7±3.0 sec, p=0.032) and prothrombin times (14.0±1.0 sec vs. 12.8±0.9 sec, p<0.001; 14.5±1.2 sec vs. 13.0±1.1 sec, p<0.001; 15.3±1.4 sec vs. 13.2±1.3 sec, p=0.009) in the apixaban group at 1 week after surgery, 3 weeks after surgery, and the end of treatment were higher than those in the LMWH group. Platelet and fibrinogen levels in the apixaban group were lower than those of the LMWH group. Also, capillary plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation in the apixaban group at 1 week after surgery, 3 weeks after surgery, and the end of treatment were lower than those in the LMWH group. CONCLUSION: Apixaban, which elicits fewer adverse reactions and is safer than LMWH, exhibited better effects in the prevention and treatment of DVT after total knee arthroplasty in older adults.

Two different kinds of total hip arthroplasty for unilateral Crowe IV developmental dysplasia of the hip in adults / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical effects of total hip arthroplasty(THA) with non-osteotomy and subtrochanteric osteotomy in the treatment of Crowe type IV hip dysplasia (DDH) in adults.@*METHODS@#Data of 35 Crowe type IV DDH patients who underwent THA were analyzed retrospectively, the patients were divided into two groups:15 cases of non-osteotomy and 20 cases of subtrochanteric osteotomy. There was no significant difference in age, gender, body mass index between two groups (>0.05). The operative time, bleeding volume, hospitalization duration, Harris hip score and the limb length discrepancy (LLD) were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#All of the patients were followed up for 12 to 48 months, no prosthesis loosening or infection occurred by the end of follow-up. In non-osteotomy group, 1 case had occurred by sciatic nerve injury and 1 case developed cutaneous branch injury of the femoral nerve, both of which were spontaneously recovered completely without treatment after 3 months. One case of dislocation occurred in subtrochanteric osteotomy group, after closed reduction, dislocation did not recur; three cases had proximal femoral crack fractures and received steel plate fixation; no reoperation was needed. There was significant difference in operation duration, bleeding volume, and hospitalization days between two groups(0.05). The postoperative discrepancy of bilateral lower limbs had significant difference(<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#THA with no femoral shortening osteotomy can achieve good clinical results in patients with unilateral Crowe IV developmental dysplasia of hip. Comparing with subtrochanteric osteotomy, the procedure of no femoral shortening osteotomy is easier technically. For unilateral high dislocation DDH patients with limb lengthening <=4 cm and good tissue conditions, THA without femoral osteotomy may be considered.

The connection between the night pain of patients with rotator cuff tears and circadian clock / 医学研究生学报

Patients with rotator cuff tears often have repeated irregular neck and shoulder pain, and all of them are aggravated at night. The patient is very painful and cannot suffer from lateral position. Most of them cannot or do not do the exercises such as stretching the elbow and bending the arm, which seriously affect sleep. Numerous studies have shown that in addition to inflammation, the two-way interaction to the circadian clock, the circadian clock also regulated many aspects of the immune system. And the mechanism of night pain caused by rotator cuff injury was related to factors such as inflammation of the acromion sac. This suggests that the night pain of rotator cuff tears may have a circadian rhythm. This article mainly reviews the mechanism of night pain caused by rotator cuff tears.

Analysis of limb swelling and pain caused by a tourniquet after total knee arthroplasty / 医学研究生学报

The advantages of the tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty are favored by surgeons. However, tourniquets can aggravate the swelling and pain of postoperative limbs，which is not good for early functional exercise. Researchers conducted many related studies which only stayed in clinical manifestations and did not clarify the causes and mechanisms of swelling and pain，So there are no positive effect on the prevention and treatment of swelling and pain. Tourniquets can cause ischemia, hypoxia and reperfusion injury in limbs, leading to local tissue inflammatory reactions, vascular injury, microcirculatory disorders, abnormal coagulation, deep venous thrombosis, lymphatic drainage disorders, joint cavity occult hemorrhage, effusion and the damage of distant organs, which eventually exacerbated the degree of swelling and pain of the limb. Therefore, the above factors are reviewed in this article.

The application of serum endotoxin detection in the diagnosis of artificial prosthetic joint loosening / 医学研究生学报

Objective The dynamic detection of endotoxin is of great significance for the early diagnosis and treatment of prosthesis loosening after joint replacement. This study aimed to explore and analyze the clinical significance and efficacy of endotoxin detection in prosthetic joint loosening after joint replacement.Methods Fifty-eight patients who underwent arthroplasty in the department of orthopedics in Nanjing General Hospital from January 2015 to June 2016 were selected for prospective study. The patients were divided into the infection loosening group (patients with infectious loosening after arthroplasty, n=15), the aseptic loosening group (patients with aseptic loosening of after arthroplasty, n=23) and the control group (patients were normal after arthroplasty, n=20) according to the postoperative complications. Endotoxin was detected with MB-80 microbial dynamic rapid detection system. We compared the endotoxin level and the ROC curve was made to acquire the sensitivity and specificity under the different cut-off values. Eventually find the best diagnostic threshold.Results The levels of endotoxin in the infection loosening group and the aseptic loosening group \[(0.56±0.11, 0.49±0.08) ng/mL\] were significantly higher than that in the control group \[(0.24±0.06) ng/mL\]. The difference was statistically significant (P0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that when the serum endotoxin concentration was 0.36 ng/mL, the Youden index was the highest, which could be the best cut-off value for diagnosis. It had the best accuracy to judge the prosthesis loosening with a sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 88.2%.Conclusion The endotoxin can be a good indicator for early diagnosis of prosthesis looseness. It is helpful to the diagnosis of the prosthesis loosening after arthroplasty.

An overview oflncRNA involved in articular cartilage injury and repair / 医学研究生学报

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators for a variety of biological process. miRNAs appear to be important modulators of chondrogenesis and osteoarthritis (OA). LncRNAs are widely involved in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes as sponge of microRNAs. In this review, we discuss the role of lncRNA in cartilage repairation from the aspects of cartilage injury, chondrocyte proliferation and chondrocyte apoptosis. These findings will promote the development of novel molecular drugs which regulate the balance of cartilage injury and repairation.

Comparison of the outcome of intra-articular injection of cocktail and betamethasone injection after rotator cuff repair / 医学研究生学报

Objective Shoulder surgery is associated with moderate to severe pain, but there is a lack of consensus on the best analgesic method. This study was conducted to evaluate whether intra-articular injections of cocktails (betamethasone hydrochloride combined with ropivacaine) achieved better clinical effects than betamethasone hydrochloride alone after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.Methods Eighty-six patients with rotator cuff repair under arthroscopy in our hospital from March 2017 to October 2017 were selected and divided into experiment group( ropivacaine75 mg+(betamethasone hydrochloride 2 mL) and control group((betamethasone hydrochloride 4 mL), each group 43. Visual acuity score(VAS) and the satisfaction of patients were evaluated before operation and at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 h postoperatively.Results There was no significant difference in VAS before operation and 48 h after operation between experimental group and control group (P>0.05). But at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after operation the VAS in experimental group is lower than that in control group(P0.05).Conclusion Cocktail (betamethasone combined with ropivacaine) intra-articular injection can significantly reduce the postoperative earlier pain within 24 hours and can improve the satisfaction of patients.

Progress of mechanism of 5-HT on bone metabolism / 医学研究生学报

5-HT as an important neurotransmitter which takes part in the development of many diseases, including bronchial asthma,schizophrenia and bone metabolism as reported in literatures in recent years. Central 5-HT can inhibit sympathetic excitations and promote bone formation through Tph2. Lrp5 can reduce the level of peripheral 5-HT and act on Tph1 to promote bone formation. Peripheral 5-HT blocks the association between transcription factor FOXO1 and CREB and inhibits bone formation. Peripheral 5-HT can also promote IL-6 expression and induce bone reabsorption. LP533401 as a Tph1 inhibitor could effectively reduce the level of peripheral 5-HT and induce bone formation as reported. In this paper, we try to summarize the effect of 5-HT on bone metabolism and its mechanism, and further using 5-HT to regulate bone quantity effectively.

The relationship between different tourniquet pressures in total knee arthroplasty and the pain and swelling of the affected limb after surgery / 医学研究生学报

Objective The use of tourniquets in total knee arthroplasty has been controversial. Many studies have focused only on the different time courses and neglected the effects of pressures. Currently,there is no study explaining the mechanism of tourniquet-induced injury. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of different tourniquet pressures on pain and swelling after total knee arthroplasty and to explore the mechanism of injury. Methods Ninety-six patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty at Nanjing General Hospital from June 2017 to December 2017 were randomly as-signed to 240 mmHg group (low pressure),270 mmHg group (medi- um pressure),and 300 mmHg group (high pressure). The patient's pain and thigh circumference were measured before and 1-2 days after surgery. Blood samples were taken before and 3,8,and 24 hours after surgery. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1),prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and myoglobin were detected,analysed and compared. Results In the perspective of the pain and swelling of affected limb after surgery,the 300 mmHg group (73.24±10.51) was significantly different from the 240 mmHg group (58.18±9.66) and the 270mmHg group (63.06±10.06). In the perspective of the SOD1 level in serum,the 300mmHg group (97.77±13.82) was significant-ly different from the 240mmHg group (63.72±15.02) and the 270 mmHg group (70.58±5.85) at 3h after surgery,and then the diver-gence was gradually decreased. In the perspective of the PGE2 level in serum,the 300 mmHg group (478.05±35.80) was significantly different from the 240mmHg group (334.42±33.12) and the 270mmHg group (391.85±19.41) at 3h after surgery,and the divergence was started to decrease after 8 h. In the perspective of the myoglobin level in serum,the 300 mmHg group (30.43±9.79) was also sig-nificantly different from the 240 mmHg group (17.58±1.93) and the 270 mmHg group (22.28±4.21) at 8 h after operation,the diver-gence was started to decrease after 24 h. which began to decrease after 24 h. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant cor-relation between pain (correlation coefficient 0.518,P<0.001),swelling (correlation coefficient 0.345,P<0.05) and stress after sur-gery. Conclusion The pain and swelling of the affected limb is positively correlated with the pressure of the tourniquet during the operation. Muscle necrosis is the main mechanism of the injury. Oxidative stress occurs in the ischemic phase and inflammation occurs in the reperfusion phase.

Role of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor 2B in neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve ligation in rats / 医学研究生学报

Objective Spinal cord injury-induced neuropathic pain(NP)does not respond well to any existing therapies clinically.This study aimed to explore the molecular metabolisms neuropathic pain by observing the expressions of the N -methyl-D-as-partic acid receptor 2B(NR2B),tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)in different sta-ges of the condition in SD rats. Methods Thirty-six adult SD rats were randomly divided into a control,a sham operation and an NP model group.The NP model was established by spinal nerve ligation. At 5 and 14 days after modeling,the hindlimb motor function and paw withdrawal threshold(PWT)of the rats were evaluated by the open-field test and the expressions of NR 2B,TNF-αand BDNF in the dor-sal root ganglia of the L4-6 spinal cord were determined by Western blot. Results At 5 days after modeling,the open-field test showed a significantly shorter total distance of movement in the sham operation group than in the control([14 927.93 ±560.87]vs [18 225.15±371.76]mm,P<0.05)and even shorter in the NP model group([3 224.92±89.64]vs[18 225.15±371.76]mm, P<0.01).The time of activity was markedly decreased in the NP model group as compared with that in the control([203.48±19.94]vs [745.95±13.48]s,P<0.01),but with no statistically significant difference between the sham operation and control groups([727.93± 16.29]vs[745.95±13.48]s,P>0.05).At 14 days after modeling,both the total distance of movement and time of activity were re-markably shorter in the NP model than in the sham operation and control groups([3 395.53±96.12]vs[17 382.26±482.31]and [17 975.40±416.56]mm,P<0.01;[195.53±96.12]vs[739.31±18.36]and[775.20±16.84]s, P<0.01).The PWT showed no statistically significant difference among the three groups of rats before modeling(P>0.05)but markedly decreased in the NP model as compared with the sham operation and control groups(P<0.01),with no significant difference between the latter two(P>0.05).The expressions of NR2B,TNF-αand BDNF were remarkably up-regulated in the NP model group in comparison with the sham operation and control groups at 5 days after modeling(P>0.05)and even more significantly at 14 days(P<0.01). Conclusion NR2B and BDNF may be involved in the development and progression of neuropathic pain in rats.

The therapeutic effect between metal augment and impacted bone grafting in the hip revision of acetabular bone defect / 医学研究生学报

Objective The application of metal augments in the revision of total hip arthroplasty(THA)has achieved re-markable results in the treatment of bone defects.However,there are limited studies compared this effective method with the traditional treatment.The purpose of this article is to investigate the curative effect of both metal augmentation and impacted bone grafting in the revision of acetabular bone defect. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 20 patients(20 hips)with bone defects after THA in Au-thority of Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region from August 2010 to February 2017.These 20 patients were allocated into 2 groups:impacted bone grafting group(n=11,filling acetabular bone defect with autogenous iliac bone and artificial bone)and metal aug-mentation group(n=9,filling acetabular bone defect with metal aug-ment).The duration of surgery,blood loss and the hospital for special surgery knee score(HSS)were compared between these two groups and the Harris score was applied to evaluate the hip function and full weight bearing. Results The surgery duration and blood loss of impacted bone grafting group were significantly increased when compared with the metal augmentation group(44.5±7.82 min vs 36.22±5.19 min and 431.82±57.76 mL vs 333.33±72.80 mL respec-tively).there were 3 cases showed mild bone resorption in the I regions in the impacted bone grafting group, while only one case showed mild bone resorption in the II region in the metal augmentation group.The HSS scores in the metal augmentation group were higher than those in the impacted bone grafting group at the time of postoperative 2 weeks(43.89±2.76 vs 40.82±4.42), 3 months (49.89±2.03 vs 45.27±3.90)and 6 months(53.44±2.46 vs 50.55±3.67), the differences were statistically significant(P<0.001). The Harris scores in the metal augmentation group were higher than those in the impacted bone grafting group(P<0.01).The metal augmentation group had a shorter time of getting out of bed compared with the impacted bone grafting group(P<0.01). Conclusion For those patients with upper acetabular bone defect,revision surgery using metal augments can save the operation time.Meanwhile, it is also superior to the impacted bone grafting in the early prosthesis stability and bone ingrowth,and thus enables to shorten the time on getting out of bed and promote functional.

Effect of osteoblast autophagy induced by wear particles on secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 / 医学研究生学报

Objective The relationship between osteoblast autophagy induced by wear particles and secretion of inflammatory cytokines has not been illuminated.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of wear particles on the secretion of TNF -α and IL-6 by autophagy of osteoblasts in aseptic loosening. Methods The mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts in logarithmic growth phase were divided into 5 groups:control group(in α-MEM medium),CoCrMo particle group(100 μg/mL CoCrMo particles was added in α-MEM medium),3-MA group(10 mmol/L autophagy inhibitor 3-MA prestimulated osteoblasts in α-MEM medium,3h later 100 μg/mL CoCrMo particles were added),the expression of autophagy marker protein LC-3 in osteoblasts was detected by Western blotting, and the levels of TNF-αand IL-6 were detected by ELISA. Results Compared with the control group,the expression level of auto-phagy marker protein LC-3 was significantly increased in CoCrMo particles group(P<0.05).Compared with CoCrMo particles group,the expression level of LC-3 in 3-MA group was significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with control group TNF-α[(0.95± 0.00)pg/mL]and IL-6[(4.67±0.23)pg/mL], CoCrMo particles group TNF-α[(10.35±3.63)pg/mL]and IL-6[(14.27±1.07)pg/mL]secretion level was significantly increased(P<0.05),compared with CoCrMo particles group,the effects of 10 mmol/L 3-MA group to TNF-α[(13.13±5.08)(14.71±5.46)pg/mL]and IL-6[(15.31±0.88),(16.75±3.87)pg/mL]secretion were not significant, while 10 mmol/L 3-MA group TNF-α[The secretion levels of(302.61±45.63)pg/mL]and IL-6[(216.67±27.71)pg/mL]in-creased significantly(P<0.01). Conclusion The osteoblast autophagy induced by CoCrMo particles can inhibit the secretion of in -flammatory cytokines TNF-αand IL-6 in osteoblasts.

Recent researches and clinical progress of osteolysis after total Hip arthroplasty / 医学研究生学报

Osteolysis is a primary reason causing aspetic loosening after total hip arthroplasty.But it still lacks of understand-ing of pathogenesis, special biomarkeres for diagnosis, drugs for prevention and clinical classification guiding treatment.This review aims to summarize the fundamental researches and the clinical diagnosis as well as the prevention and treatment of osteolysis based on our previous work and large quantities of references.

Progress on laminoplasty in spinal canal disease / 中国骨伤

Surgery is the preferred method for the treatment of spinal canal disease, surgical method involves laminectomy and laminoplasty. The ideal spinal surgery not only should fully expose the spinal canal, completely resect the occupied position and remove the spinal cord compression, but also should maintain the stability of spinal biomechanics. Because of the different realization of clinician to safeguard and rebuild the spinal stabilization during opertion of spinal canal disease, and choice of surgical method and how to maintain the stability of spine biomechanics has become a hot of research in this field. Many scholars have studied it in order to reduce the influence of laminectomy on the spinal stability. Laminoplasty can directly relieve the nerve roots compression caused by increasing or reconstruction of vertebral canal volume, and allow the migration of spinal cord to dorsum and depart from disc and vertebral body. Laminoplasty not only can fully expose and decompress during operative, but also may prevent the postoperative spinal instability. In addition to these condition of extensive disease, severe bone destruction or combined with osteoporosis, the laminoplasty is the most ideal method for single spinal canal disease in theoretically.

Involvement of α5 integrin in survivin-mediated osteosarcoma metastasis

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the role of survivin in osteosarcoma metastasis.@*METHODS@#Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown the expression of survivin and α5 integrin in the human osteosarcoma cell line MG63. Western blotting and immunostaining methods were used to assessed the effect of survivin knockdown on the expression of α5 integrin through flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy detection. Meanwhile, the invasion and migration of transfected cells in Transwell and wound healing assays were probed, and the growth situation of these cells transplanted into nude mice was monitored.@*RESULTS@#Knockdown of survivin expression could inhibit the invasion and migration of osteosarcoma MG64 cells in vitro and the expression of α5 integrin on osteosarcoma MG64 cell surface, suggesting that survivin can inhibit the invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells through downregulation of α5 integrin. Anti-α5 integrin antibody could also markedly decrease the capability of invasion and migration of osteosarcoma MG64 cells. Additionally, knockdown of survivin expression could slow the growth of osteosarcoma MG63 cells transplanted into nude mice.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Survivin-directed anti-tumor strategies might be an effective method in the treatment of osteosarcoma.

Middle and long-term results of total hip arthroplasties for secondary post-traumatic arthritis and femoral head necrosis after acetabular fractures / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate middle and long-term results of total hip arthroplasties (THA) for the treatment of secondary hip traumatic osteoarthritis and femoral head necrosis after acetabular fractures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2000 to December 2005, 33 patients with secondary hip traumatic osteoarthritis and (or) femoral head necrosis after acetabular fractures were treated with THA. There were 21 males and 12 females, ranging in age from 27 to 69 years old, with an average of 52 years old. Twenty-three patients were performed with open reduction and internal fixation: 5 patients were treated with anterior approach; 12 patients, posterior approach; 6 patients, combined approaches; other 10 patients, conservative treatment in the early stage. All THA were performed with posterior-lateral approach. Bone union was achieved in the all acetabular fractures. Removal of all implants was necessary in 5 patients, and partial removal in 3 patients. Cemented cup was implanted in 6 patients and uncommented cup in 27 patients. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed, and Harris hip scores before surgery and 10 years after operation were compared. The prosthetic loosening, osteolysis or revision were used to evaluate 10 years survival rate of prosthesis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the patients were followed up,and the duration ranged from 10 to 15 years, with a mean of 12 years. One patient died at the 10th year after operation. The Harris score at the 10th year was higher than the preoperative one. One and two patients were performed with revision total hip arthroplasty caused by aseptic loosening alone and aseptic loosening combined with osteolysis respectively. Osteolysis occurred in 1 patient; deep venous thrombosis in 4 patients; dislocation of prosthesis in 2 patients. One patient had infection of incision and one patient had infection around the prosthesis. Ten years survival rate of implant was 84.8% (28/133).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>THA is an effective method to treat secondary hip traumatic osteoarthritis and (or) femoral head necrosis after acetabular fractures in improving hip joint functions with high implant survival rate and good middle and long-term results.</p>

Association of red blood cell damage with arachidonic acid / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the correlation between arachidonic acid (AA) and acute red blood cells damage in rats, and to build a model with hidden blood loss in vivo, and to explore the pathological mechenism of hidden blood loss.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 50 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats weighing (200 ± 20) g were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): control group and four experimental groups. The rats in the experimental groups were given 0.5 ml different concentrations of AA dilu- ents, 5, 10, 20, 40 mmol/L respectively. The blood samples were collected from orbital venous at the beginning and 24, 48, 72 hours after administration. Then the changes of hemoglobin (Hb) ,red blood cell count (RBC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH- PX) activity, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and hydrogen peroxide (H202) in the blood samples were tested.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Significant hidden blood loss occurred when the concentration was 10 mmol/L in the experimental group, with the RBC and Hb sharply reduced in blood samples. The Hb and RBC were reduced in all the experimental groups and control group at 24 hours after administration, while in the experimental groups they changed more obviously. The GSH-PX activity, T-SOD activity and H₂O₂were also significantly reduced in all groups, and the changes showed significant differences. The Hb and RBC were relatively stable in the control group and the experimental groups at 48 hours after administration; while GSH-PX activity, T-SOD activity and H₂O₂were all significantly decreased, and the changes in the experimental groups were more notable.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Elevated levels of AA in the blood causes oxidative stress in the red blood cells, leading to the damage of red blood cells and hemoglobin, which is responsible for hidden blood loss.</p>

Role of Toll like receptors and inflammasome in aseptic loosening / 中国骨伤

Aseptic loosening, ascribes to particle induced osteolysis, is the most common reason for total joint arthroplasty failure. Wear particles, liberated from the surface of prostheses, mediate the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and increase the osteoclastogenesis. However, it remains unclear how macrophages can recognize wear particles and be induced by wear particles. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated that Toll like receptors and inflammasome may play a critical role in osteolysis. However, the mechanism of activation of Toll like receptors and the relationship between TLR pathway and downstream signaling pathways still remain unclear. It will be beneficial to understand the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening by exploring these mechanisms. This article highlights the role of Toll like receptors and inflammasome in aseptic loosening, which is helpful to the development of therapies that prevent wear particle induced aseptic loosening.

Involvement of α5 integrin in survivin-mediated osteosarcoma metastasis

Objective To investigate the role of survivin in osteosarcoma metastasis. Methods Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown the expression of survivin and α5 integrin in the human osteosarcoma cell line MG63. Western blotting and immunostaining methods were used to assessed the effect of survivin knockdown on the expression of α5 integrin through flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy detection. Meanwhile, the invasion and migration of transfected cells in Transwell and wound healing assays were probed, and the growth situation of these cells transplanted into nude mice was monitored. Results Knockdown of survivin expression could inhibit the invasion and migration of osteosarcoma MG64 cells in vitro and the expression of α5 integrin on osteosarcoma MG64 cell surface, suggesting that survivin can inhibit the invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells through downregulation of α5 integrin. Anti-α5 integrin antibody could also markedly decrease the capability of invasion and migration of osteosarcoma MG64 cells. Additionally, knockdown of survivin expression could slow the growth of osteosarcoma MG63 cells transplanted into nude mice. Conclusions Survivin-directed anti-tumor strategies might be an effective method in the treatment of osteosarcoma.